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Terminology used in the literature.
| spelling | s | z | sz | ż, rz | ¶, si | Ľ, zi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronunciation | s | z | ʃ / ą | ʒ / ľ | ɕ / ¶ | ʑ / Ľ |
| 1 | dental (zębowe) | alveolar (dzi±słowe) | post-alveolar (zadzi±słowe) | |||
| 2 | sycz±ce (hissing) | szumi±ce (rustling) | cisz±ce (hushing) | |||
| 3 | zębowe dorsalne z w±sk± szczelin± (dental dorsal with narrow opening) | dzi±słowe koronalne z szerok± szczelin± (alveolar coronal with wide opening) | zazębowe palatalne (post-dental palatal) | |||
| 4 | dental non-palatal (zębowe niepalatalne) | prepalatal non-palatal (przedpalatalne niepalatalne) | prepalatal palatal (przedpalatalne palatalne) | |||
| 5 | strident, nondistributed, dental/alveolar, coronal, anterior, nonhigh | strident, nondistributed, postalveolar, coronal, nonanterior, nonhigh | strident, distributed, alveolo-palatal, coronal, nonanterior, high | |||
| 6 | płaskie, szerokie, przedniojęzykowe (flat, wide, fore-tongued) | płaskie, szerokie, apikalne (flat, wide, apical) | wysokie, w±skie, przedniojęzykowe (high, narrow, fore-tongued) | |||
| 7 | przedniojęzykowo-zębowe, apikalno-dentalne (apical-dental) | przedniojęzykowo-dzi±słowe, predorsalno-alweolarne (praedorsal-alveolar) | palatalne wła¶ciwe, mediopalatalne (proper palatal, mediopalatal) | |||
| 8 | przedniojęzykowe zębowe (fore-tongued dental) | przedniojęzykowe dzi±słowe (fore-tongued alveolar) | ¶redniojęzykowe, ¶rodkowojęzykowe, ¶rodkowojęzykowo- twardopodniebienne (middle–tongued = middle–tongued-duropalatal) | |||
| 9 | ||||||
| 10 | ||||||
| 11 | ||||||
| 12 | ||||||
| 13 | ||||||
| 14 | ||||||
Notices:
Rubach (5) compares Polish and English sounds. The English ones are described as it follows:
Strutyński (7) describes the following allophones of Polish sibilants:
The postdental consonants are present e.g. in sinus, zin, while the postalveolar consonants in Sziwa, Żiwago.
In the work of Puppel et al. (1), you can read as follows
/s/ and /z/ (p. 149)
“The friction occurs in a very narrow opening produced between the blade of the tongue and the dental-alveolar region. During articulation, the blade has a narrow groove or channel formed down its centre”.
/ą/ and /ľ/ (p. 157)
“The narrowing is made by the tip of the tongue and the blade of the tongue, and the alveolar ridge. The narrowing, as compared with that for /s/ and /z/, is a bit more open”.
/¶/ and /Ľ/ (p. 165)
“The sounds are produced with the body of the tongue in the front position. The tongue is tense and the lips are spread. The air escapes through a very narrow channel made between the post-alveolar region of the palate and the middle of the tongue”.
Final note:
The main difference between /s/ and /ą/ is in the width of their openings – the /s/ has the narrow opening while the /ą/ has the wide one. There are also secondary differences: /s/ is mainly dental while /ą/ is mainly alveolar, and according to the terminology of Dłuska, /s/ is dorsal while /ą/ is more coronal (but not retroflex) – here we can say about a spoon-like shape of the tongue. Many newer sources term /s/ (and /¶/) laminal while /ą/ apical (but not subapical). But the phonemes are recognized by Polish speakers by their acoustic features (hissing – rustling) which depend on the width of their openings.
Bibliography:
2011-04-27