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M D C B N Ms W sg. – M D C B N Ms W pl.
Remark: everywhere below the term “adjectives” means also numerals and pronouns with adjectival declension (e.g. sam, wszystek, mój, nasz, jeden, pierwszy). Remaining pronouns were skipped because of exceptional endings in their declension.
Nominative plural |
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Masculine-personal nouns have two forms here: the ordinary one, with special endings, and the featured one, with the same endings as non-personal-masculine nouns. The ordinary form join masculine-personal forms of adjectives, pronouns, verbs etc, e.g. ci dobrzy ch³opi poszli. The featured form requires non-masculine-personal forms, e.g. te dobre ch³opy posz³y. Some substantives do not create the featured form practically (e.g. ci ch³opcy – te ch³opce?), others do not create the masculine-personal form (e.g. te kar³y – ci karli?). When the masculine-personal form lacks, the identity of genitive and accusative plural prooves the masculine-personal gender of the given substantive (e.g. tych ch³opców, tych kar³ów). Two separate masculine-personal forms sometimes function side–by–side. In such instances the form with the ending ~owie has a more dignified, solemn character. Three different forms exist altogether then, each of them with a little different meaning shade. E.g. ci profesorowie (solemn form) – ci profesorzy (usual form) – te profesory (featured form: offensive, colloquial, poetic, “heroic”). |
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| Masculine-personal forms | ||
| ~i | numerous m-pers. substs., 1, 2, 4 cl. | s±siedzi, poeci, Huculi, W³osi |
| m-pers. adjectives, 1, 2, 4, 6–10 cl, partially 11 cl. (=11$) | bosi, mali, cisi, tani, moi, g³upi, sokoli, duzi, nasi | |
| numerous m-pers. substs., adj. decl., 1, 2, 4, 6–10 cl. | my¶liwi, rozwiedzeni, biegli, bli¼ni | |
| ~y | most m-pers. substs., 3, 5 cl. | liderzy, psychiatrzy, Polacy, koledzy |
| some m-pers. substs., 11 cl, ~c | szewcy, jeñcy, ch³opcy, starcy, ³owcy | |
| m-pers. adjectives, 3, 5, 11 cl. | starzy, drodzy, obcy, bo¿y | |
| most m-pers. substs., adj. decl., 3, 5, 11 cl. | wikarzy, bliscy, s³u¿±cy | |
| ~e* | m-pers. substs., 1 cl, nom.sg. ~in~, plus 4 others, nom.sg. ~an | Amerykanie, S³owianie; Cyganie, Hiszpanie, krajanie, zakrystianie |
| m-pers. substs., 6–11 cl. | lenie, zbóje, gapie, kowale, rodzice, wielmo¿e | |
| ~owie | personal names, m-pers. substs. with nom.sg. ~o, many others | Ariowie, Fredrowie, gauczowie, uczniowie |
| some m-pers. substs., adj. decl. | Lindowie, podstolowie, chor±¿owie | |
| ~a | m-pers. substs. brat, ksi±dz, ksi±¿ê | bracia, ksiê¿a, ksi±¿êta |
| ~aj | m-pers. forms of numerals dwa, oba | dwaj, obaj |
| ~ej | m-pers. forms of numerals trzy, cztery | trzej, czterej |
| ~óch | m-pers. forms of the numeral dwa | dwóch |
| ~u | m-pers. forms of many numerals | obu, piêciu, dziesiêciu, stu, kilku, paru |
| ~ech | m-pers. forms of numerals trzy, cztery | trzech, czterech |
| ~o | collective substs., type pañstwo | pañstwo |
| Non-masculine-personal forms | ||
| ~y | m substs., 1–4 cl. | poety, Hucu³y, lidery; wo³y, tury; mury, dachy; satelity |
| n substs. oko, ucho | oczy, uszy | |
| f substs., 1–4, 12 cl. | kobiety, szko³y, Wêgry, muchy, W³ochy, statuy | |
| substantive Niemcy (land) | Niemcy | |
| some f conson substs., 11 cl. | myszy, rzeczy | |
| m-pers. substs., adj. decl., nom.sg. ~e | Lindy | |
| numerals trzy, cztery | trzy, cztery | |
| ~i | m substs., 5 cl. | Polaki, s³ugi; ptaki; brzegi |
| m-inanim. substs., 6 cl.: ¶mieæ, dzieñ | ¶mieci, dni | |
| neuter substantive dziecko | dzieci | |
| f substs., 5 cl. | apteki | |
| some f conson substs., 6–10 cl. | sieci, brwi, my¶li | |
| numerals 30, 40 | trzydzie¶ci, czterdzie¶ci | |
| ~e* | m substs., 6–11 cl. | zbóje, lekarze; s³onie, wije; szczawie, lokale; ekscelencje |
| f substantive, 5 cl. rêka | rêce | |
| f substs., 6–11, 13 cl. | panie, lilie, opcje, ziemie, fale, idee, d³onie, noce | |
| f forms of numerals dwa, oba | dwie, obie | |
| numerals 11–19, 200 | jedena¶cie, dziewiêtna¶cie, dwie¶cie | |
| ~e** | some m-pers. substs., 1 cl, ~ns | seanse |
| some f substs., 1 cl, ~nsa | szanse | |
| nm-pers. adjectives | weso³e, drogie, g³upie, du¿e, moje, nasze | |
| substs, adj. decl. | uczone; chodzone, z³ote; lute; m³ode; królowe | |
| ~a | some m-pers. substs., nom.sg. ~o, and ksi±dz, ksi±¿ê | maestra, mikada, ksiê¿a, ksi±¿êta |
| m-inanim. substantive cud | cuda | |
| n substs. | s³owa, imiona, cielêta, wota, akwaria | |
| numerals dwa, oba, kilka, 20, 300, 400 | dwa, oba, kilka, dwadzie¶cia, trzysta, czterysta | |
| ZERO | numerals 5–10, 50–90, 500–900 | piêæ, siedem, dziesiêæ, piêædziesi±t, dziewiêæset |
| ~o | numeral 100 | sto |
| ~ê | numeral parê | parê |
Genitive plural |
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| ~ów | most m-pers. substs. | s±siadów, poetów, Amerykanów, mo¶ciów |
| m-pers. substs., adj. decl., nom.sg. ~e | Lindów | |
| m-anim. substs., 1–5, 7 cl. | kotów, wo³ów, turów, ptaków, duchów, wijów | |
| some m-anim. substs., 6, 11 cl. | misiów, Reksiów, rydzów, tasiemców | |
| m-inanim. substs., 1–5, 7 cl. | sadów, murów, brzegów, dachów, gajów | |
| some m-inanim. substs., 6, 9, 10, 11 cl. | styczniów, brzusiów, korabiów, celów, owoców | |
| some n substs., incl. those with ~um | pysiów, wotów, akwariów | |
| ~i | m-pers. substantive brat | braci |
| some m-pers. substs. 6, 7, 10 cl. | leni, ludzi, go¶ci, z³odziei, kowali, cie¶li | |
| m-anim. substs. 6, 9, 10 cl. | s³oni, ¿ó³wi, rubli | |
| m-inanim. substs. 6, 9, 10 cl. | tytoni, szczawi, lokali | |
| some m-inanim. substs., 7 cl. | pokoi | |
| some n substs. | dzieci, narzêdzi, ¶lepi | |
| some f substs., 6–10 cl. | bazi, zbroi, lilii, opcji, g³êbi, butli | |
| f substs., 12, 13 cl. | statui, idei | |
| f conson substs., 6–10 cl. | osi, kolei, g³êbi, brwi, my¶li | |
| ~y | some m and n substs., 11 cl. | lekarzy, ksiê¿y; wê¿y, zajêcy; tysiêcy; pn±czy |
| some f vowel substs., 11 cl. | sadzy | |
| f conson substs., 11 cl. | nocy, myszy | |
| ZERO | some m-pers. substs. with ~in~ | chrze¶cijan, Indian, parafian, Rosjan, S³owian |
| some m-pers. substs. | ksi±¿±t, mê¿czyzn, przyjació³, s³ug | |
| most n substs. | drzew, s³ów, imion, ciel±t | |
| most feminine substs. | kobiet, pañ, ziem | |
| ~u | n substs. oko, ucho | oczu, uszu |
| numerals dwa, oba, 5–400 | dwu, obu, piêciu, szesnastu, stu, czterystu | |
| ~ych | adjectives, 1–4, 11 cl. | m³odych, weso³ych, starych, cichych, ¶wie¿ych |
| substs, adj. decl., 1–4, 11 cl. | my¶liwych; z³otych; lutych; m³odych; królowych | |
| ~ich | adjectives, 5–10 cl. | drogich, tanich, g³upich, sokolich, moich |
| substs, adj. decl., 5–10 cl. | wojskich, bli¼nich, rabbich, podstolich | |
| ~óch | numeral dwa | dwóch |
| ~ech | numerals trzy, cztery | trzech, czterech |
| ~a | collective substs., type pañstwo | pañstwa |
Dative plural |
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| ~om | most substantives | s±siadom, sêdziom, sto³om, s³owom, kobietom |
| m-pers. substs., adj. decl., nom.sg. ~e | Lindom | |
| numeral dwa | dwom | |
| ~ym | adjectives, 1–4, 11 cl. | m³odym, weso³ym, starym, cichym, ¶wie¿ym |
| substs, adj. decl., 1–4, 11 cl. | my¶liwym; z³otym; lutym; m³odym; królowym | |
| ~im | adjectives, 5–10 cl. | drogim, tanim, g³upim, sokolim, moim |
| substs, adj. decl., 5–10 cl. | wojskim, bli¼nim, effendim, rabbim, podstolim | |
| ~u | numerals dwa, oba, 5–400 | dwu, obu, piêciu, szesnastu, stu, czterystu |
| collective substs., type pañstwo | pañstwu | |
| ~óm | numeral dwa | dwóm |
| ~em** | numerals trzy, cztery | trzem, czterem |
Accusative plural |
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| ~ów | most m-pers. substs. (=D) | s±siadów, poetów, Amerykanów, mo¶ciów |
| m-pers. substs., adj. decl., nom.sg. ~e (=D) | Lindów | |
| ~y | some m-pers. substs., 11 cl. (=D) | lekarzy, ksiê¿y |
| m-anim. substs., 1–4 cl. (=M) | koty, wo³y, tury, duchy | |
| m-inanim. substs., 1–4 cl. (=M) | sady, wa³y, mury, dachy | |
| n substs. oko, ucho (=M) | oczy, uszy | |
| feminine substs., 1–4, 12 cl. (=M) | kobiety, Wêgry, muchy, W³ochy, statuy | |
| substantive Niemcy (=M) | Niemcy | |
| some cons. f substs. 11 cl. (=M) | myszy, rzeczy | |
| nm-pers. form of the numerals trzy, cztery (=M) | trzy, cztery | |
| ~i | m-pers. subst. brat (=D) | braci |
| some m-pers. substs., 6, 7, 10 cl. (=D) | leni, ludzi, go¶ci, z³odziei, kowali, cie¶li | |
| m-anim. substs., 5 cl. (=M) | ptaki | |
| m-inanim. substs., 5 cl. (=M) | brzegi | |
| some m-inanim. substs. 6 cl. (=M) | ¶mieci, dni | |
| neuter subst. dziecko (=M) | dzieci | |
| fem substs., 5 cl. (=M) | apteki | |
| some cons. f substs., 6–10 cl. (=M) | sieci, brwi, my¶li | |
| nm-pers. form of numerals 30, 40 (=M) | trzydzie¶ci, czterdzie¶ci | |
| ZERO | some m-pers. substs., nom.sg. ~in~ (=D) | Rosjan, S³owian |
| some other m-pers. substs. (=D) | ksi±¿±t, mê¿czyzn, przyjació³, s³ug | |
| nm-pers. form of numerals 5–10, 50–90, 500–900 (=M) | piêæ, siedem, dziesiêæ, piêædziesi±t, dziewiêæset | |
| ~e* | m-anim. substs., 6–11 cl. (=M) | s³onie, wije, ¿ó³wie, ruble, wê¿e |
| m-inanim. substs., 6–11 cl. (=M) | tytonie, pokoje, szczawie, lokale, baga¿e | |
| f substantive, 5 cl. rêka (=M) | rêce | |
| f substs. 6–11, 13 cl. (=M) | panie, szyje, lilie, fale, idee, g³êbie, noce | |
| f forms of numerals dwa, oba (=M) | dwie, obie | |
| numerals 11–19, 200 (=M) | jedena¶cie, dziewiêtna¶cie, dwie¶cie | |
| ~a | m-inanim. substantive cud (=M) | cuda |
| n substs. (=M) | s³owa, imiona, cielêta, wota, akwaria | |
| nm-pers. forms of numerals dwa, oba (=M) | dwa, oba | |
| nm-pers. forms of numerals dwa, oba, kilka, 20, 300, 400 (=M) | dwa, oba, kilka, dwadzie¶cia, trzysta, czterysta | |
| collective substs., type pañstwo (=D) | pañstwa | |
| ~ych | m-pers. adjectives, 1–4, 11 cl. (=D) | m³odych, weso³ych, starych, cichych, ¶wie¿ych |
| m-pers. substs., adj. decl. 1–4, 11 cl. (=D) | my¶liwych, bieg³ych, wikarych, s³u¿±cych | |
| ~ich | m-pers. adjectives, 5–10 cl. (=D) | drogich, tanich, g³upich, sokolich, moich |
| m-pers. substs., adj. decl., 5–10 cl. (=D) | bli¼nich, effendich, rabbich, podstolich | |
| ~e** | some m-inanim. substs., 1 cl. (=M) | seanse |
| nm-pers. adjectives (=M) | weso³e, drogie, g³upie, du¿e, moje, nasze | |
| m-anim. substs., adj. decl. (=M) | chodzone, z³ote | |
| m-inanim. subst., adj. decl. luty (=M) | lute | |
| n substs., adj. decl. (=M) | m³ode | |
| feminine substs., adj. decl. (=M) | po³o¿ne, królowe | |
| ~óch | m-pers. form of the numeral dwa (=D) | dwóch |
| ~u | m-pers. form of the numeral oba (=D) | obu |
| m-pers. forms of numerals 5–400 (=D) | piêciu, dziesiêciu, stu, trzystu | |
| ~ech | m-pers. forms of nums. trzy, cztery (=D) | trzech, czterech |
| ~o | the numeral 100 (=M) | sto |
| ~ê | the numeral parê (=M) | parê |
Instrumental plural |
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| ~ami | most substantives | s±siadami, poetami, sêdziami, kotami |
| m-pers. substs., adj. decl., nom.sg. ~e | Lindami | |
| ~mi | a number of m-pers. substantives | braæmi, go¶æmi, ksiê¿mi, lud¼mi, przyjació³mi |
| m-anim. subst. koñ | koñmi | |
| m-inanim. substs. li¶æ, pieni±dz | li¶æmi, pieniêdzmi | |
| neuter subst. dziecko | dzieæmi | |
| f substs. d³oñ, ko¶æ | d³oñmi, ko¶æmi | |
| ~y | special form of some m and n substs. | laty |
| ~yma | alternative form of the substs. oko, ucho | oczyma, uszyma |
| ~oma | alternative form of the substantive rêka | rêkoma |
| numerals dwa, oba, 5–400 | dwoma, oboma, piêcioma, szesnastoma, stoma | |
| ~ymi | adjectives, 1–4, 11 cl. | m³odymi, weso³ymi, starymi, cichymi, ¶wie¿ymi |
| substs, adj. decl., 1–4, 11 cl. | bieg³ymi; z³otymi; lutymi; m³odymi; królowymi | |
| ~imi | adjectives, 5–10 cl. | drogimi, tanimi, g³upimi, sokolimi, moimi |
| substs, adj. decl., 5–10 cl. | wojskimi, bli¼nimi, rabbimi, podstolimi | |
| ~ema* | f form of the numerals dwa, oba | dwiema, obiema |
| ~ema** | numerals trzy, cztery | trzema, czterema |
| ~u | numerals dwa, oba, 5–400 | dwu, obu, piêciu, szesnastu, stu, czterystu |
| ~em** | collective substs., type pañstwo | pañstwem |
Locative plural |
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| ~ach | most substantives | s±siadach, poetach, sêdziach, kotach |
| m-pers. substs., adj. decl., nom.sg. ~e | Lindach | |
| ~ech* | exceptionally, the substantives Niemcy, Wêgry, W³ochy | Niemczech, Wêgrzech, W³oszech |
| ~ych | adjectives, 1–4, 11 cl. (=D) | m³odych, weso³ych, starych, cichych, ¶wie¿ych |
| substs, adj. decl., 1–4, 11 cl. (=D) | my¶liwych; z³otych; lutych; m³odych; królowych | |
| ~ich | adjectives, 5–10 cl. (=D) | drogich, tanich, g³upich, sokolich, moich |
| substs, adj. decl., 5–10 cl. (=D) | wojskich, effendich, rabbich, podstolich | |
| ~óch | numeral dwa (=D) | dwóch |
| ~u | numerals dwa, oba, 5–400 (=D) | dwu, obu, piêciu, szesnastu, stu, czterystu |
| ~ech** | numerals trzy, cztery (=D) | trzech, czterech |
| ~e* | collective substs., type pañstwo | pañstwie |
Vocative plural |
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| The form of vocative plural is always equal to nominative plural. | ||
WARNING! Before the endings ~e*, ~ech*, ~ema* changes of consonants (sometimes also vowels) occur. Before the endings ~e**, ~ego**, ~ej**, ~emu**, ~em** no changes occur, except the change k, g : ki, gi. |
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2008-02-21