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| Remarks | Examples | Pronunciation | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| A voiceless become voiced before a voiced. | pro¶ba | /pro¼ba/ | request |
| This process does not occur before semivowels, sonants, “rz”, “w”. | misja | /misja/ | mission |
| mas³o | /maswo/ | butter | |
| intro | /intro/ | intro (to a game) | |
| butla | /butla/ | demijohn, big bottle | |
| ketmia | /ketmja/ | ketmia, hibiscus | |
| setny | /setny/ | hundredth | |
| przetnie | /p¹etñe/ | he will cut (across) | |
| bitwa | /bitfa/ | battle | |
| Voiced spirants, affricates and stops become voiceless word-finally and before a voiceless – see in further pages. | |||
| Sonants and /w/ can become voiceless when word-finally after a voiceless, initially before a voiceless, or between two voiceless consonants. The other semivowels never occur in these positions. | piek³ | /p′ekw̭/ | he was baking |
| ³kaæ | /w̭kaæ/ | sob | |
| p³cie | /pw̭æe/ | sexes | |
| wiatr | /v′atr̭/ | wind | |
| rtêæ | /r̭teñæ/ | mercury, quicksilver | |
| krtañ | /kr̭tañ/ | larynx | |
| my¶l | /my¶ḽ/ | thought, idea | |
| l¶niæ | /ḽ¶ñiæ/ | sparkle, shine | |
| plwocina | /pḽfoæina/ | sputum, spittle | |
| rytm | /rytm̭/ | rhythm | |
| mkn±æ | /m̭knoñæ/ | speed, rush | |
| kosmki | /kosm̭ḱi/ | villi (in intestines) | |
| hafn | /xafṋ/ | hafnium | |
| piosnka | /p′osṋka/ | light music song | |
| pie¶ñ | /p′e¶ṋ̃/ | song, lilt | |
| There is no aspiration in Polish at all. It means that the voiceless stops and affricates have no aspiration (unlike in English). Also the letter “h” means the spirant /x/, not the aspiration. | |||
| The cluster “rz” means /¾/ (when assimilated, also /¹/). But the pronunciation is /rz/ or /r¼/ in several words. | marzn±æ | /marznoñæ/ | freeze; be frozen |
| mierziæ | /m′er¼iæ/ | disgust; pall | |
| The clusters “dz”, “d¼”, “d¿” means affricates, but in some words they denote two sounds. See affricates. | |||
| When the prefix ends in “s”, “z” or “d”, it assimilates to the following dental, alveolar or postdental consonant. See spirants and affricates. | |||
| Groups of /t, d/ plus /s, z, ¹, ¾, ¶, ¼/ never identify with /c, ʒ, è, ǯ, æ, ʒ́/. The stops /t, d/ become affricates in these positions (in very slow speaking they may remain stops). See affricates. | |||
| When the prefix ends in a consonant and the main word begins from a vowel, there is no strict link between them. It means there is no palatalization for example. See vowels and semivowels: /i, j/. | |||
| Examples for palatalization – see vowels and semivowels: /i, ′, j/. |
2009-02-04